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Oczyszczalnie roślinno-stawowe Instytutu Ekologii Stosowanej

Podstawowa zasada działania takiej oczyszczalni polega na wykorzystaniu naturalnego potencjału samooczyszczania znajdującego się w gruncie zasiedlonym przez liczne organizmy glebowe przystosowane do rozkładu zanieczyszczeń zawartych w ściekach. Dlatego też zasadniczy proces oczyszczania odbywa się w filtrze roślinnym oraz w gruntowej warstwie filtracyjnej stawu denitryfikacyjnego. Za sam proces oczyszczania ścieków odpowiedzialne są przede wszystkim bakterie, które rozwijają się w gruncie, jednak w utrzymaniu odpowiednich warunków dla bakterii bardzo ważną rolę pełnią rośliny oraz drobne organizmy zwierzęce. Opisany proces biologicznego oczyszczania ścieków wspierany jest procesami fizycznymi oraz chemicznymi zachodzącymi równocześnie w gruncie filtra roślinnego oraz stawu.

Powyżej na schemacie przedstawiono przekrój przez oczyszczalnię, z którego wynika, że składa się ona z następujących czterech elementów:

• Osadnik, pełniący funkcję wstępnego mechanicznego oczyszczania ścieków. Funkcja ta polega na tym, że w osadniku następuje oddzielnie ze ścieków części stałych (opadających i pływających). Powstałe w ten sposób sklarowane ścieki są poddawane dalszemu oczyszczaniu w filtrze roślinnym i stawie. Natomiast oddzielone części stałe są w osadniku fermentowane w warunkach naturalnych, przez co zmniejsza się ich objętość. W zależności od wielkości osadnika i ilości osób podłączonych do oczyszczalni osady ściekowe są wypompowywane raz na 3 lub 5 lub 10 lat. Najczęściej osadniki wykonywane są z czterech kręgów betonowych o średnicy 1,2 m.

• Przepompownia, jest ona konieczna w sytuacji kiedy warunki terenowe nie pozwalają na grawitacyjny przepływ ścieków z osadnika do filtra roślinnego. Wykonuje się ją z dwóch kręgów betonowych o średnicy 0,8 m i przykrywa płytą żelbetonową z włazem żeliwnym. W przepompowni instalowana jest pompa jednofazowa do brudnej wody z automatycznym pływakiem o mocy od 300 do 600 W i wydajności do kilkunastu metrów sześciennych na godzinę.

• Filtr roślinny to zasadniczy element oczyszczalni odizolowany od podłoża folią, w którym zachodzi główny proces oczyszczania. Posiada on powierzchnię równą 2 m2 na mieszkańca. Wypełnienie filtra stanowią dwie warstwy żwiru oraz 20 cm warstwa materiału organicznego. W dolnej warstwie żwiru umieszczony jest drenaż zbierający, który odprowadza oczyszczone ścieki do stawu, natomiast górna powierzchnia filtra obsadzona jest kilkoma gatunkami roślin wodno-bagiennych.

• Staw denitryfikacyjny służy do dalszego doczyszczania ścieków, przy czym głównym elementem usuwanym w stawie są związki azotu w postaci azotanów. Po za funkcją oczyszczającą staw umożliwia odprowadzenie oczyszczonych ścieków do gruntu. Staw jest również obsadzony wieloma gatunkami roślin wodnych i wodno-bagiennych. Dno jego oraz część boków jest uszczelniona folią, wewnątrz zaś stawu znajduje się warstwa drobnego żwiru.

Jak przedstawia załączone zdjęcie, oczyszczalnie roślinno-stawowe przy odpowiednim wykonaniu mogą być ozdobą działki i jednocześnie pełnić wiele pożytecznych funkcji przyrodniczych. Szczególnie staw denitryfikacyjny jest cennym miejscem, w którym wiele gatunków zwierząt jak owady, płazy, czy gady znajduje miejsce schronienia, łowów, czy rozrodu.

Widok oczyszczalni roślinno-stawowej "System Polski". Za mostkiem widać filtr roślinny.

Na koszt takiej oczyszczalni składają się następujące czynniki:

• Zakup dokumentacji, w przypadku kiedy gmina zakupiła od Instytutu licencję, wówczas wszyscy mieszkańcy danej gminy otrzymują ją darmowo, na jej podstawie dokonują zgłoszenia w Starostwie Powiatowym oraz realizują budowę. Indywidualny zakup dokumentacji kosztuje 1200 zł brutto.

• Jeżeli budynek posiada szczelny osadnik (szambo), który da się zaadoptować, wówczas koszty materiałów wynoszą około 2000 zł. Jeżeli należy zakupić osadnik, wówczas całkowity koszt wszystkich materiałów wynosi do 3500 zł.

• Najczęściej inwestorzy wykonują samodzielnie oczyszczalnie, co zajmuje im od 3 do 6 dni, i w tej sytuacji nie muszą ponosić wydatków. Jeżeli zlecą wykonanie firmie budowlanej, wówczas muszą liczyć się z kosztem od 2000 do 3000 zł.

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